為了有效地提升鉛酸蓄電池的使用壽命,同時實現對充電過程的監控,設計出一種用單片機控制的36 V鉛酸蓄電池充電電源。本電路采用反激式拓撲,連續電流工作模式,電源管理IC設計在電源的副邊,由ELAN公司的EM78P258N單片機模擬,是用可編程器件模擬電源管理IC,實現智能電源低成本化的一次成功嘗試,通過對單片機的軟件設計實現了充電電源的狀態顯示、充電時間控制、報警、過溫保護、過壓保護、過流保護等功能。本充電器真正的實現了鉛酸蓄電池的三段式充電過程,其最高輸出功率可達90 W,效率約85%,成本不到20元,具有很高的市場競爭力。
Abstract: In order to extend the life of lead-acid battery efficiently and supervise the charging process meanwhile, a 36V lead-acid battery charge powe supply controlled by microcontroller is designed. The charger is flyback switching power supply and works in CCM mode. A EM78P258N microcontroller made by ELAN microelectronics corporation is used as power management IC which is designed at the secondary circuit. The project is a successful attempt to low-cost intelligent power used microcontroller simulating power management IC. The charger also has the functions of the status reveal, charge time control, alarming, thermal protect, current limit and overvoltage protect by the software design. The circuit actually implements the three-step charge process, whose power is up to 90W and whose efficiency can get 85%. The net cost of this charger is less than 20 RMB, so that the charger is of powerful market competitiveness.
將現行的供暖計費方式由按建筑面積計費變為按消耗的熱能計費是供暖計費方式發展趨勢,為了滿足這一計費方式變化的需要,設計了基于IC卡的預付費式新型供暖計費系統,通過測量用戶采暖系統進出口的溫度和流量,計算用戶消耗的熱能,利用IC卡記錄用戶預付費的金額和當年熱能的單價,根據熱能消耗和當年熱能的單價計算用戶采暖費,根據實際發生的供暖費用和預付費金額控制供暖的開停,這一計費方式的變化使供暖計費更趨合理。
Abstract:
It is trend that the mode of heat charging is changed from billing by building area to by thermal energy. In order to meet the needs of heat charging mode changing, a new system of heat charging based on IC card is proposed. The user?蒺s energy consumption is calculated by measuring the user inlet and outlet temperature and flow,using the IC card to record the prepaid amount and the current price of heat. The user?蒺s heating costs is calculated according to energy consumption and current price, according to actual heating costs and prepaid amount,the system controls the heating opening or stopping. It is more reasonable that calculated heating costs by user heat consumption
The MAX3243E device consists of three line drivers, five line receivers, and a dual charge-pump circuit with±15-kV ESD (HBM and IEC61000-4-2, Air-Gap Discharge) and ±8-kV ESD (IEC61000-4-2, Contact Discharge)protection on serial-port connection pins. The device meets the requirements of TIA/EIA-232-F and provides theelectrical interface between an asynchronous communication controller and the serial-port connector. Thiscombination of drivers and receivers matches that needed for the typical serial port used in an IBM PC/AT, orcompatible. The charge pump and four small external capacitors allow operation from a single 3-V to 5.5-Vsupply. In addition, the device includes an always-active noninverting output (ROUT2B), which allowsapplications using the ring indicator to transmit data while the device is powered down. The device operates atdata signaling rates up to 250 kbit/s and a maximum of 30-V/ms driver output slew rate.