軟件無線電(SDR，Software Defined Radio)由于具備傳統(tǒng)無線電技術(shù)無可比擬的優(yōu)越性，已成為業(yè)界公認(rèn)的現(xiàn)代無線電通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。理想的軟件無線電系統(tǒng)強(qiáng)調(diào)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性和可編程性，減少靈活性著的硬件電路，把數(shù)字化處理(ADC和DAC)盡可能靠近天線，通過軟件的更新改變硬件的配置、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。目前，直接對(duì)射頻(RF)進(jìn)行采樣的技術(shù)尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)普及的產(chǎn)品化，而用數(shù)字變頻器在中頻進(jìn)行數(shù)字化是普遍采用的方法，其主要思想是，數(shù)字混頻器用離散化的單頻本振信號(hào)與輸入采樣信號(hào)在乘法器中相乘，再經(jīng)插值或抽取濾波，其結(jié)果是，輸入信號(hào)頻譜搬移到所需頻帶，數(shù)據(jù)速率也相應(yīng)改變，以供后續(xù)模塊做進(jìn)一步處理。數(shù)字變頻器在發(fā)射設(shè)備和接收設(shè)備中分別稱為數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC，Digital Upper Converter)和數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC，Digital Down Converter)，它們是軟件無線電通信設(shè)備的關(guān)鍵部什。大規(guī)模可編程邏輯器件的應(yīng)用為現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)帶來極大的靈活性。基于FPGA的數(shù)字變頻器設(shè)計(jì)是深受廣大設(shè)計(jì)人員歡迎的設(shè)計(jì)手段。本文的重點(diǎn)研究是數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC)，然而將它與數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC)完全割裂后進(jìn)行研究顯然是不妥的，因此，本文對(duì)數(shù)字上變頻器也作適當(dāng)介紹。 第一章簡要闡述了軟件無線電及數(shù)字下變頻的基本概念，介紹了研究背景及所完成的主要研究工作。 第二章介紹了數(shù)控振蕩器(NCO)，介紹了兩種實(shí)現(xiàn)方法，即基于查找表和基于CORDIC算法的實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)CORDIc算法作了重點(diǎn)介紹，給出了傳統(tǒng)算法和改進(jìn)算法，并對(duì)基于傳統(tǒng)CORDIC算法的NCO的FPGA實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了EDA仿真。 第三章介紹了變速率采樣技術(shù)，重點(diǎn)介紹了軟件無線電中廣泛采用的級(jí)聯(lián)積分梳狀濾波器 (cascaded integratot comb， CIC)和ISOP(Interpolated Second Order Polynomial)補(bǔ)償法，對(duì)前者進(jìn)行了基于Matlab的理論仿真和FPGA實(shí)現(xiàn)的EDA仿真，后者只進(jìn)行了基于Matlab的理論仿真。 第四章介紹了分布式算法和軟件無線電中廣泛采用的半帶(half-band，HB)濾波器，對(duì)基于分布式算法的半帶濾波器的FPGA實(shí)現(xiàn)進(jìn)行了EDA仿真，最后簡要介紹了FIR的多相結(jié)構(gòu)。 第五章對(duì)數(shù)字下變頻器系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行了噪聲綜合分析，給出了一個(gè)噪聲模型。 第六章介紹了數(shù)字下變頻器在短波電臺(tái)中頻數(shù)字化應(yīng)用中的一個(gè)實(shí)例，給出了測(cè)試結(jié)果，重點(diǎn)介紹了下變頻器的：FPGA實(shí)現(xiàn)，其對(duì)應(yīng)的VHDL程序收錄在本文最后的附錄中，希望對(duì)從事該領(lǐng)域設(shè)計(jì)的技術(shù)人員具有一定參考價(jià)值。
標(biāo)簽： 軟件無線電 數(shù)字下變頻 技術(shù)研究
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-06-09
上傳用戶：szchen2006
Abstract: A perfect voltage reference produces a stable voltage independent of any external factors. Real-world voltagereferences, of course, are subject to errors caused by many external factors. One causeof these major errors istemperature. Without care, it is easy to operate a voltage reference outside its operating temperature range. Thisapplication note describes how references respond to temperature changes, and how self-heating can cause a voltagereference to operate outside its recommended temperature range. Once understood, this knowledge can then be used toavoid making this design error.
標(biāo)簽： 基準(zhǔn)電壓 溫度漂移 應(yīng)用筆記
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-08
上傳用戶：xianglee
The STM32F10xxx microcontroller family embeds up to three advanced 12-bit ADCs (depending on the device) with a conversion time down to 1 μs. A self-calibration feature is provided to enhance ADC accuracy versus environmental condition changes.
上傳時(shí)間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：eastimage
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
標(biāo)簽： Converter Defi ADC 轉(zhuǎn)換器
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-12
上傳用戶：pans0ul
PCB 被動(dòng)組件的隱藏特性解析 傳統(tǒng)上，EMC一直被視為「黑色魔術(shù)（black magic）」。其實(shí)，EMC是可以藉由數(shù)學(xué)公式來理解的。不過，縱使有數(shù)學(xué)分析方法可以利用，但那些數(shù)學(xué)方程式對(duì)實(shí)際的EMC電路設(shè)計(jì)而言，仍然太過復(fù)雜了。幸運(yùn)的是，在大多數(shù)的實(shí)務(wù)工作中，工程師并不需要完全理解那些復(fù)雜的數(shù)學(xué)公式和存在于EMC規(guī)范中的學(xué)理依據(jù)，只要藉由簡單的數(shù)學(xué)模型，就能夠明白要如何達(dá)到EMC的要求。本文藉由簡單的數(shù)學(xué)公式和電磁理論，來說明在印刷電路板（PCB）上被動(dòng)組件（passivecomponent）的隱藏行為和特性，這些都是工程師想讓所設(shè)計(jì)的電子產(chǎn)品通過EMC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)，事先所必須具備的基本知識(shí)。導(dǎo)線和PCB走線導(dǎo)線（wire）、走線（trace）、固定架……等看似不起眼的組件，卻經(jīng)常成為射頻能量的最佳發(fā)射器（亦即，EMI的來源）。每一種組件都具有電感，這包含硅芯片的焊線（bond wire）、以及電阻、電容、電感的接腳。每根導(dǎo)線或走線都包含有隱藏的寄生電容和電感。這些寄生性組件會(huì)影響導(dǎo)線的阻抗大小，而且對(duì)頻率很敏感。依據(jù)LC 的值（決定自共振頻率）和PCB走線的長度，在某組件和PCB走線之間，可以產(chǎn)生自共振（self-resonance），因此，形成一根有效率的輻射天線。在低頻時(shí)，導(dǎo)線大致上只具有電阻的特性。但在高頻時(shí)，導(dǎo)線就具有電感的特性。因?yàn)樽兂筛哳l后，會(huì)造成阻抗大小的變化，進(jìn)而改變導(dǎo)線或PCB 走線與接地之間的EMC 設(shè)計(jì)，這時(shí)必需使用接地面（ground plane）和接地網(wǎng)格（ground grid）。導(dǎo)線和PCB 走線的最主要差別只在于，導(dǎo)線是圓形的，走線是長方形的。導(dǎo)線或走線的阻抗包含電阻R和感抗XL = 2πfL，在高頻時(shí)，此阻抗定義為Z = R + j XL j2πfL，沒有容抗Xc = 1/2πfC存在。頻率高于100 kHz以上時(shí)，感抗大于電阻，此時(shí)導(dǎo)線或走線不再是低電阻的連接線，而是電感。一般而言，在音頻以上工作的導(dǎo)線或走線應(yīng)該視為電感，不能再看成電阻，而且可以是射頻天線。
標(biāo)簽： PCB 被動(dòng)組件
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-09
上傳用戶：時(shí)代將軍
Abstract: We don't expect manufacturers to produce clothes that in one size that fits everyone. In thesame way, one ESD component can't solve all issues—each application has different ESD requirements.Knowing that "one size fits all" cannot apply to power design, the power designer, or the engineering"super hero," must consider all the potential disruptions to a steady flow of power and thenvarious waysto mitigate them. This tutorial describes voltage- and current-limiting devices and risetime reducers tomanage the power. It also points to free and low-cost software tools to help design lowpass filters, checkcapacitor self-resonance, and simulate circuits.
標(biāo)簽： 電源工程師 電路設(shè)計(jì)
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-18
上傳用戶：zhouxuepeng1
Avalanche photo diode (APD) receiver modules arewidely used in fi ber optic communication systems. AnAPD module contains the APD and a signal conditioningamplifi er, but is not completely self contained. It stillrequires signifi cant support circuitry including a highvoltage, low noise power supply and a precision currentmonitor to indicate the signal strength. The challenge issqueezing this support circuitry into applications withlimited board space. The LT®3482 addresses this challengeby integrating a monolithic DC/DC step-up converter andan accurate current monitor. The LT3482 can supportup to a 90V APD bias voltage, and the current monitorprovides better than 10% accuracy over four decades ofdynamic range (250nA to 2.5mA).
上傳時(shí)間： 2014-01-18
上傳用戶：wenyuoo
BIT_SELFREFRESH EQU (1<<22) ;定義SDRAM自刷新標(biāo)志位 16 17 ;Pre-defined constants 預(yù)定義6種工作模式 18 USERMODE EQU 0x10 ;用戶模式 19 FIQMODE EQU 0x11 ;快速中斷模式 20 IRQMODE EQU 0x12 ;中斷模式 21 SVCMODE EQU 0x13 ;監(jiān)管模式 22 ABORTMODE EQU 0x17 ;異常中斷模式 23 UNDEFMODE EQU 0x1b ;未定義模式 24 25 MODEMASK EQU 0x1f ;模式掩碼 26 NOINT EQU 0xc0 ;取消中斷 27 28 ;The location of stacks;設(shè)置6種工作模式的堆棧的起始地址 29 ;在option.inc中定義了_STACK_BASEADDRESS EQU 0x33ff8000 30 UserStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x3800) ;0x33ff4800 ~ 31 SVCStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x2800) ;0x33ff5800 ~ 32 UndefStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x2400) ;0x33ff5c00 ~ 33 AbortStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x2000) ;0x33ff6000 ~ 34 IRQStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x1000) ;0x33ff7000 ~ 35 FIQStack EQU (_STACK_BASEADDRESS-0x0) ;0x33ff8000 ~
標(biāo)簽： Mini 2440 啟動(dòng)代碼
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-10-07
上傳用戶：m62383408
為解決傳統(tǒng)可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)視頻字符疊加器結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，可靠性差，成本高昂等問題，在可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)設(shè)計(jì)中采用視頻字符發(fā)生器芯片MAX7456。該芯片集成了所有用于產(chǎn)生用戶定義OSD，并將其插入視頻信號(hào)中所需的全部功能，僅需少量的外圍阻容元件即可正常工作。給出了以MAX7456為核心的可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)的軟、硬件實(shí)現(xiàn)方案及設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例。該方案具有電路結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、價(jià)格低廉、符合人體視覺習(xí)慣的特點(diǎn)。經(jīng)實(shí)際裝車測(cè)試，按該方案設(shè)計(jì)的可視倒車?yán)走_(dá)視場(chǎng)清晰、提示字符醒目、工作可靠，可有效降低駕駛員倒車時(shí)的工作強(qiáng)度、減少倒車事故的發(fā)生。 Abstract: A new video and text generation chip，MAX7456，was used in the design of video parking sensor in order to simplify system structure，improve reliability and reduce cost. This chip included all the necessary functions to generate user-defined OSDs and to add them into the video signals. It could be put into work with addition of just a small number of resistances and capacitors. This paper provided software and hardware implementation solutions and design example based on the chip. The system had the characteristics of simplicity in circuit structure，lower cost，and comfort for the nature of human vision. Loading road test demonstrates high video and text display quality and reliable performance，which makes the driver easy to see backward and reduces chance of accidents.
標(biāo)簽： 7456 MAX 可視倒車 中的應(yīng)用
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-12-10
上傳用戶：qiaoyue
1 FEATURES· Single chip LCD controller/driver· 1 or 2-line display of up to 24 characters per line, or2 or 4 lines of up to 12 characters per line· 5 ′ 7 character format plus cursor; 5 ′ 8 for kana(Japanese syllabary) and user defined symbols· On-chip:– generation of LCD supply voltage (external supplyalso possible)– generation of intermediate LCD bias voltages– oscillator requires no external components (externalclock also possible)· Display data RAM: 80 characters· Character generator ROM: 240 characters· Character generator RAM: 16 characters· 4 or 8-bit parallel bus or 2-wire I2C-bus interface· CMOS/TTL compatible· 32 row, 60 column outputs· MUX rates 1 : 32 and 1 : 16· Uses common 11 code instruction set· Logic supply voltage range, VDD - VSS: 2.5 to 6 V· Display supply voltage range, VDD - VLCD: 3.5 to 9 V· Low power consumption· I2C-bus address: 011101 SA0.
標(biāo)簽： 2116 PCF LCD 驅(qū)動(dòng)器芯片
上傳時(shí)間： 2013-11-08
上傳用戶：laozhanshi111
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