軟件無線電(SDR，Software Defined Radio)由于具備傳統無線電技術無可比擬的優越性，已成為業界公認的現代無線電通信技術的發展方向。理想的軟件無線電系統強調體系結構的開放性和可編程性，減少靈活性著的硬件電路，把數字化處理(ADC和DAC)盡可能靠近天線，通過軟件的更新改變硬件的配置、結構和功能。目前，直接對射頻(RF)進行采樣的技術尚未實現普及的產品化，而用數字變頻器在中頻進行數字化是普遍采用的方法，其主要思想是，數字混頻器用離散化的單頻本振信號與輸入采樣信號在乘法器中相乘，再經插值或抽取濾波，其結果是，輸入信號頻譜搬移到所需頻帶，數據速率也相應改變，以供后續模塊做進一步處理。數字變頻器在發射設備和接收設備中分別稱為數字上變頻器(DUC，Digital Upper Converter)和數字下變頻器(DDC，Digital Down Converter)，它們是軟件無線電通信設備的關鍵部什。大規模可編程邏輯器件的應用為現代通信系統的設計帶來極大的靈活性?；贔PGA的數字變頻器設計是深受廣大設計人員歡迎的設計手段。本文的重點研究是數字下變頻器(DDC)，然而將它與數字上變頻器(DUC)完全割裂后進行研究顯然是不妥的，因此，本文對數字上變頻器也作適當介紹。 第一章簡要闡述了軟件無線電及數字下變頻的基本概念，介紹了研究背景及所完成的主要研究工作。 第二章介紹了數控振蕩器(NCO)，介紹了兩種實現方法，即基于查找表和基于CORDIC算法的實現。對CORDIc算法作了重點介紹，給出了傳統算法和改進算法，并對基于傳統CORDIC算法的NCO的FPGA實現進行了EDA仿真。 第三章介紹了變速率采樣技術，重點介紹了軟件無線電中廣泛采用的級聯積分梳狀濾波器 (cascaded integratot comb， CIC)和ISOP(Interpolated Second Order Polynomial)補償法，對前者進行了基于Matlab的理論仿真和FPGA實現的EDA仿真，后者只進行了基于Matlab的理論仿真。 第四章介紹了分布式算法和軟件無線電中廣泛采用的半帶(half-band，HB)濾波器，對基于分布式算法的半帶濾波器的FPGA實現進行了EDA仿真，最后簡要介紹了FIR的多相結構。 第五章對數字下變頻器系統進行了噪聲綜合分析，給出了一個噪聲模型。 第六章介紹了數字下變頻器在短波電臺中頻數字化應用中的一個實例，給出了測試結果，重點介紹了下變頻器的：FPGA實現，其對應的VHDL程序收錄在本文最后的附錄中，希望對從事該領域設計的技術人員具有一定參考價值。
Abstract: A perfect voltage reference produces a stable voltage independent of any external factors. Real-world voltagereferences, of course, are subject to errors caused by many external factors. One causeof these major errors istemperature. Without care, it is easy to operate a voltage reference outside its operating temperature range. Thisapplication note describes how references respond to temperature changes, and how self-heating can cause a voltagereference to operate outside its recommended temperature range. Once understood, this knowledge can then be used toavoid making this design error.
The STM32F10xxx microcontroller family embeds up to three advanced 12-bit ADCs (depending on the device) with a conversion time down to 1 μs. A self-calibration feature is provided to enhance ADC accuracy versus environmental condition changes.
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
Abstract: We don't expect manufacturers to produce clothes that in one size that fits everyone. In thesame way, one ESD component can't solve all issues—each application has different ESD requirements.Knowing that "one size fits all" cannot apply to power design, the power designer, or the engineering"super hero," must consider all the potential disruptions to a steady flow of power and thenvarious waysto mitigate them. This tutorial describes voltage- and current-limiting devices and risetime reducers tomanage the power. It also points to free and low-cost software tools to help design lowpass filters, checkcapacitor self-resonance, and simulate circuits.
Avalanche photo diode (APD) receiver modules arewidely used in fi ber optic communication systems. AnAPD module contains the APD and a signal conditioningamplifi er, but is not completely self contained. It stillrequires signifi cant support circuitry including a highvoltage, low noise power supply and a precision currentmonitor to indicate the signal strength. The challenge issqueezing this support circuitry into applications withlimited board space. The LT®3482 addresses this challengeby integrating a monolithic DC/DC step-up converter andan accurate current monitor. The LT3482 can supportup to a 90V APD bias voltage, and the current monitorprovides better than 10% accuracy over four decades ofdynamic range (250nA to 2.5mA).
為解決傳統可視倒車雷達視頻字符疊加器結構復雜，可靠性差，成本高昂等問題，在可視倒車雷達設計中采用視頻字符發生器芯片MAX7456。該芯片集成了所有用于產生用戶定義OSD，并將其插入視頻信號中所需的全部功能，僅需少量的外圍阻容元件即可正常工作。給出了以MAX7456為核心的可視倒車雷達的軟、硬件實現方案及設計實例。該方案具有電路結構簡單、價格低廉、符合人體視覺習慣的特點。經實際裝車測試，按該方案設計的可視倒車雷達視場清晰、提示字符醒目、工作可靠，可有效降低駕駛員倒車時的工作強度、減少倒車事故的發生。
Abstract:
A new video and text generation chip，MAX7456，was used in the design of video parking sensor in order to simplify system structure，improve reliability and reduce cost. This chip included all the necessary functions to generate user-defined OSDs and to add them into the video signals. It could be put into work with addition of just a small number of resistances and capacitors. This paper provided software and hardware implementation solutions and design example based on the chip. The system had the characteristics of simplicity in circuit structure，lower cost，and comfort for the nature of human vision. Loading road test demonstrates high video and text display quality and reliable performance，which makes the driver easy to see backward and reduces chance of accidents.
1 FEATURES· Single chip LCD controller/driver· 1 or 2-line display of up to 24 characters per line, or2 or 4 lines of up to 12 characters per line· 5 ′ 7 character format plus cursor; 5 ′ 8 for kana(Japanese syllabary) and user defined symbols· On-chip:– generation of LCD supply voltage (external supplyalso possible)– generation of intermediate LCD bias voltages– oscillator requires no external components (externalclock also possible)· Display data RAM: 80 characters· Character generator ROM: 240 characters· Character generator RAM: 16 characters· 4 or 8-bit parallel bus or 2-wire I2C-bus interface· CMOS/TTL compatible· 32 row, 60 column outputs· MUX rates 1 : 32 and 1 : 16· Uses common 11 code instruction set· Logic supply voltage range, VDD - VSS: 2.5 to 6 V· Display supply voltage range, VDD - VLCD: 3.5 to 9 V· Low power consumption· I2C-bus address: 011101 SA0.
