DDSCAT 7.3 is a freely available open-source Fortran-90 software package applying the “discrete
dipole approximation” (DDA) to calculate scattering and absorption of electromagnetic waves by targets
with arbitrary geometries and complex refractive index. The targets may be isolated entities (e.g., dust
particles), but may also be 1-d or 2-d periodic arrays of “target unit cells”, which can be used to study
absorption, scattering, and electric ?elds around arrays of nanostructures.
Improved guaranteed cost control and quantum adaptive control are developed in this study for a quadrotor helicopter with state
delay and actuator faults. Improved guaranteed cost control is designed to eliminate disturbance effects and guarantee the robust stability of a
quadrotor helicopter with state delay. The inapplicability of guaranteed cost control to the quadrotor linear model is addressed by combining
guaranteed cost control with a model reference linear quadratic regulator. In the event of actuator faults, quadrotor tracking performance is
maintained through quantum adaptive control. Finally, the availability of the proposed scheme is verified through numerical simulation
Indian urbanization is a complex puzzle which is extremely difficult to comprehend.
Yet, as academicians, it is our responsibility to study, comprehend, analyse, assimi-
late, and express on salient happenings in our urban systems. The expressions aim
at the larger sections of the society to disseminate technical evaluation in a compre-
hensible note. This edition focuses on awaking the society on the contextual reality
of urban India and also enabling policymakers with the situational understanding of
Indian cities.
Evolutionary Computation (EC) deals with problem solving, optimization, and
machine learning techniques inspired by principles of natural evolution and ge-
netics. Just from this basic definition, it is clear that one of the main features of
the research community involved in the study of its theory and in its applications
is multidisciplinarity. For this reason, EC has been able to draw the attention of
an ever-increasing number of researchers and practitioners in several fields.
The very title of this book is borrowed from the information theory vocabulary,
and, quite naturally, it is an outline of this theory that will serve as an introduction.
The subject of information theory is the scientific study of communications. To this
end it defines a quantitative measurement of the communicated content, i.e. informa-
tion, and deals with two operations essential for communication techniques: source
coding and channel encoding.
This book examines the technologies underlying the compression and trans-
mission of digital video sequences over networking platforms. The incorporated
study covers a large spectrum of topics related to compressed video communica-
tions. It presents to readers a comprehensive and structured analysis of the issues
encountered in the transmission of compressed video streams over networking
environments.
Cooperation has been the subject of intensive study in the social and biological
sciences, as well as in mathematics and artificial intelligence. The fundamental
finding is that even egoists can sustain cooperation provided the structure of
their environment allows for repeated interactions (Axelrod 1984).
Free Space Optical Communication (FSOC) is an effective alternative technology to
meet the Next Generation Network (NGN) demands as well as highly secured (mili-
tary) communications. FSOC includes various advantages like last mile access, easy
installation, free of Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI)/Electro Magnetic Compatibil-
ity (EMC) and license free access etc. In FSOC, the optical beam propagation in the
turbulentatmosphereisseverelyaffectedbyvariousfactorssuspendedinthechannel,
geographicallocationoftheinstallationsite,terraintypeandmeteorologicalchanges.
Therefore a rigorous experimental study over a longer period becomes significant to
analyze the quality and reliability of the FSOC channel and the maximum data rate
that the system can operate since data transmission is completely season dependent.
The writing of this book was prompted by two main developments in wireless
communications in the past decade. First is the huge surge of research activities in
physical-layer wireless communication theory. While this has been a subject of study
since the 60’s, recent developments in the field, such as opportunistic and multi-input
multi-output (MIMO) communication techniques, have brought completely new per-
spectives on how to communicate over wireless channels.
