The large-scale deployment of the smart grid (SG) paradigm could play a strategic role in
supporting the evolution of conventional electrical grids toward active, flexible and self-
healing web energy networks composed of distributed and cooperative energy resources.
From a conceptual point of view, the SG is the convergence of information and
operational technologies applied to the electric grid, providing sustainable options to
customers and improved security. Advances in research on SGs could increase the
efficiency of modern electrical power systems by: (i) supporting the massive penetration
of small-scale distributed and dispersed generators; (ii) facilitating the integration of
pervasive synchronized metering systems; (iii) improving the interaction and cooperation
between the network components; and (iv) allowing the wider deployment of self-healing
and proactive control/protection paradigms.
This design uses Common-Emitter Amplifier (Class A) with 2N3904 Bipolar Junction Transistor.
Use “Voltage Divider Biasing” to reduce the effects of varying β (= ic / ib) (by holding the Base voltage constant)
Base Voltage (Vb) = Vcc * [R2 / (R1 + R2)]
Use Coupling Capacitors to separate the AC signals from the DC biasing voltage (which only pass AC signals and block any DC component).
Use Bypass Capacitor to maintain the Q-point stability.
To determine the value of each component, first set Q-point close to the center position of the load line. (RL is the resistance of the speaker.)
可測試性設計（Design-For-Testability，DFT）已經成為芯片設計中不可或缺的重要組成部分。它通過在芯片的邏輯設計中加入測試邏輯提高芯片的可測試性。在高性能通用 CPU 的設計中，可測試性設計技術得到了廣泛的應用。本文結合幾款流行的 CPU，綜述了可應用于通用 CPU 等高性能芯片設計中的各種可測試性方法，包括掃描設計（Scan Design），內建自測試（Built-In Self-Test，BIST），測試點插入（Test Point Insertion），與 IEEE 1149.1標準兼容的邊界掃描設計（Boundary Scan Design，BSD）等技術。
高清電子書-C++ Primer Plus, 第6版英文版 1438頁Learning C++ is an adventure of discovery, particularly because the language accommodates several programming paradigms, including object-oriented programming,
generic programming, and the traditional procedural programming.The fifth edition of
this book described the language as set forth in the ISO C++ standards, informally
known as C++99 and C++03, or, sometimes as C++99/03. (The 2003 version was
largely a technical correction to the 1999 standard and didn’t add any new features.)
Since then, C++ continues to evolve.As this book is written, the international C++
Standards Committee has just approved a new version of the standard.This standard had
the informal name of C++0x while in development, and now it will be known as
C++11. Most contemporary compilers support C++99/03 quite well, and most of the
examples in this book comply with that standard. But many features of the new standard
already have appeared in some implementations, and this edition of C++ Primer Plus
explores these new features.
C++ Primer Plus discusses the basic C language and presents C++ features, making
this book self-contained. It presents C++ fundamentals and illustrates them with short,
to-the-point programs that are easy to copy and experiment with.You learn about
input/output (I/O), how to make programs perform repetitive tasks and make choices,
the many ways to handle data, and how to use functions.You learn about the many
features C++ has added to C, including the followi
基于FPGA設計的相關論文資料大全 84篇用FPGA實現FFT的研究
劉朝暉 韓月秋
摘 要 目的 針對高速數字信號處理的要求，給出了用現場可編程門陣列(FPGA)實現的
快速傅里葉變換(FFT)方案.方法 算法為按時間抽取的基4算法，采用遞歸結構的塊浮點運
算方案，蝶算過程只擴展兩個符號位以適應雷達信號處理的特點，乘法器由陣列乘法器實
現.結果 采用流水方式保證系統的速度，使取數據、計算旋轉因子、復乘、DFT等操作協
調一致，在計算、通信和存儲間取得平衡，避免了瓶頸的出現.結論 實驗表明，用FPGA
實現高速數字信號處理的算法是一個可行的方案.
關鍵詞 離散傅里葉變換； 快速傅里葉變換； 塊浮點運算； 可編程門陣列
分類號 TP39； TN957.511
Implementation of FFT with FPGA Technology
Liu Zhaohui Han Yueqiu
(Department of Electronics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081)
Abstract Aim To propose a scheme for implementing FFT with FPGA in accor-dance with the
requirement for high speed digital signal processing. Methods The structure of FPGA and
requirement of system were considered in the experiment, radix-4 algorithm of DIT and recursive
structure were adopted. The group float point arithmetic operation was used in the butterfly and the
array multiplier was used to realize multiplication. Results The pipeline pattern was used to ensure
the system speed, it made fetching data, calculating twiddle factor, complex multiplication and D
在光伏發電系統中，光伏電池的利用率除了與光伏電池的內部特性有關外，還受使用環境如輻照度、負載和溫度等因素的影響。在不同的外界條件下，光伏電池可運行在不同且惟一的最大功率點（Maximum Power Point，MPP）上，因此，對于光伏發電系統來說，應該尋求光伏電池的最優工作狀態，以最大限度地將光能轉化為電能，即需要采用最大功率點跟蹤（Maximum Power Point Tracking，MPPT）技術.本文根據光伏電池最大輸出功率與光照度的關系，建立了基于Boost電路的MPPT仿真模型，采用擾動觀測法，通過調整DC-DC電路的占空比實現了最大功率點追蹤。使用Matlab/Simulink 工具，在輻照度恒定和階躍變化的情況下，對MPPT進行了仿真分析。1光伏電池的特性光伏電池實際上就是一個大面積平面二極管，其工作可以圖1的單二極管等效電路來描述1，光伏電池的特性方程如式（1）所示。
化石能源日趨枯竭，核能發展受限，能源問題愈來愈成為全人類所不可避免的一個嚴峻挑戰。光伏發電技術是太陽能利用的主要形式。基于提高太陽能轉換效率的最大功率點跟蹤（Maximum power point tracking，簡稱MPPT）的提出與應用為光伏發電系統的優化利用提供了堅實的基礎。本文針對MPPT技術開展了細致的工作計劃，完成了以MPPT控制器為核心的光伏發電系統設計和仿真，較好地解決了能量轉換低下的問題。首先，總體介紹了光伏發電系統。其次，闡述了光伏發電系統基本原理。然后就MPPT控制器的實現部分-DCDC變換電路，闡述了電路CCM工作模式，利用兩種方法對Buck和Boost電路進行了建模和仿真分析.Boost電路設計簡便、可升壓，且能夠保證一直工作于CCM下，具有更實用的特點，更進一步地，說明了傳統MPPT算法的實現原理和控制流程，仿真研究表明改進型變步長擾動觀察法在光強變化時具有較好的跟蹤控制性能，但是溫度變化時跟蹤效果差。針對傳統算改進型擾動觀察發法不能很好地響應環境的變化同時存在嚴重振蕩，偏差較大的情況，提出一種人工智能控制方法--模糊控制法，進行系統分析，模糊控制規則確定以及FIS編輯器參數設置等，完成了系統的設計。最后搭建出光伏發電MPPT人工智能控制系統的仿真模型，設置相關參數。通過仿真結果的比較和分析驗證了模糊控制法的有效性和可行性。
