Abstract: Transimpedance amplifiers (TIAs) are widely used to translate the current output of sensors like photodiode-to-voltagesignals, since several circuits and instruments can only accept voltage input. An operational amplifier with a feedback resistor fromoutput to the inverting input is the most straightforward implementation of such a TIA. However, even this simple TIA circuit requirescareful trade-offs among NOISE gain, offset voltage, bandwidth, and stability. Clearly stability in a TIA is essential for good, reliableperformance. This application note explains the empirical calculations for assessing stability and then shows how to fine-tune theselection of the feedback phase-compensation capacitor.
標簽： Transimpedance Stabilize Amplifier Your
上傳時間： 2013-11-13
上傳用戶：daoyue
Photodiodes can be broken into two categories: largearea photodiodes with their attendant high capacitance(30pF to 3000pF) and smaller area photodiodes withrelatively low capacitance (10pF or less). For optimalsignal-to-NOISE performance, a transimpedance amplifi erconsisting of an inverting op amp and a feedback resistoris most commonly used to convert the photodiode currentinto voltage. In low NOISE amplifi er design, large areaphotodiode amplifi ers require more attention to reducingop amp input voltage NOISE, while small area photodiodeamplifi ers require more attention to reducing op amp inputcurrent NOISE and parasitic capacitances.
上傳時間： 2013-10-28
上傳用戶：hanbeidang
Designers of signal receiver systems often need to performcascaded chain analysis of system performancefrom the antenna all the way to the ADC. NOISE is a criticalparameter in the chain analysis because it limits theoverall sensitivity of the receiver. An application’s NOISErequirement has a signifi cant infl uence on the systemtopology, since the choice of topology strives to optimizethe overall signal-to-NOISE ratio, dynamic range andseveral other parameters. One problem in NOISE calculationsis translating between the various units used by thecomponents in the chain: namely the RF, IF/baseband,and digital (ADC) sections of the circuit.
上傳時間： 2014-12-05
上傳用戶：cylnpy
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input NOISE.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
上傳時間： 2013-11-12
上傳用戶：pans0ul
Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design I enjoyed reading this book for a number of reasons. One reason is that itaddresses high-speed analog design in the context of microwave issues. This isan advanced-level book, which should follow courses in basic circuits andtransmission lines. Most analog integrated circuit designers in the past workedon applications at low enough frequency that microwave issues did not arise.As a consequence, they were adept at lumped parameter circuits and often notcomfortable with circuits where waves travel in space. However, in order todesign radio frequency (RF) communications integrated circuits (IC) in thegigahertz range, one must deal with transmission lines at chip interfaces andwhere interconnections on chip are far apart. Also, impedance matching isaddressed, which is a topic that arises most often in microwave circuits. In mycareer, there has been a gap in comprehension between analog low-frequencydesigners and microwave designers. Often, similar issues were dealt with in twodifferent languages. Although this book is more firmly based in lumped-elementanalog circuit design, it is nice to see that microwave knowledge is brought inwhere necessary.Too many analog circuit books in the past have concentrated first on thecircuit side rather than on basic theory behind their application in communications.The circuits usually used have evolved through experience, without asatisfying intellectual theme in describing them. Why a given circuit works bestcan be subtle, and often these circuits are chosen only through experience. Forthis reason, I am happy that the book begins first with topics that require anintellectual approach—NOISE, linearity and filtering, and technology issues. Iam particularly happy with how linearity is introduced (power series). In therest of the book it is then shown, with specific circuits and numerical examples,how linearity and NOISE issues arise.
上傳時間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：han_zh
模擬集成電路的設計與其說是一門技術，還不如說是一門藝術。它比數字集成電路設計需要更嚴格的分析和更豐富的直覺。嚴謹堅實的理論無疑是嚴格分析能力的基石，而設計者的實踐經驗無疑是誕生豐富直覺的源泉。這也正足初學者對學習模擬集成電路設計感到困惑并難以駕馭的根本原因。.美國加州大學洛杉機分校(UCLA)Razavi教授憑借著他在美國多所著名大學執教多年的豐富教學經驗和在世界知名頂級公司(AT&T，Bell Lab，HP)卓著的研究經歷為我們提供了這本優秀的教材。本書自2000午出版以來得到了國內外讀者的好評和青睞，被許多國際知名大學選為教科書。同時，由于原著者在世界知名頂級公司的豐富研究經歷，使本書也非常適合作為CMOS模擬集成電路設計或相關領域的研究人員和工程技術人員的參考書。... 本書介紹模擬CMOS集成電路的分析與設計。從直觀和嚴密的角度闡述了各種模擬電路的基本原理和概念，同時還闡述了在SOC中模擬電路設計遇到的新問題及電路技術的新發展。本書由淺入深，理論與實際結合，提供了大量現代工業中的設計實例。全書共18章。前10章介紹各種基本模塊和運放及其頻率響應和噪聲。第11章至第13章介紹帶隙基準、開關電容電路以及電路的非線性和失配的影響，第14、15章介紹振蕩器和鎖相環。第16章至18章介紹MOS器件的高階效應及其模型、CMOS制造工藝和混合信號電路的版圖與封裝。 1 Introduction to Analog Design 2 Basic MOS Device Physics 3 Single-Stage Amplifiers 4 Differential Amplifiers 5 Passive and Active Current Mirrors 6 Frequency Response of Amplifiers 7 NOISE 8 Feedback 9 Operational Amplifiers 10 Stability and Frequency Compensation 11 Bandgap References 12 Introduction to Switched-Capacitor Circuits 13 Nonlinearity and Mismatch 14 Oscillators 15 Phase-Locked Loops 16 Short-Channel Effects and Device Models 17 CMOS Processing Technology 18 Layout and Packaging
上傳時間： 2014-12-23
上傳用戶：杜瑩12345
印刷電路板（PCB）設計解決方案市場和技術領軍企業Mentor Graphics（Mentor Graphics）宣布推出HyperLynx® PI（電源完整性）產品，滿足業內高端設計者對于高性能電子產品的需求。HyperLynx PI產品不僅提供簡單易學、操作便捷，又精確的分析，讓團隊成員能夠設計可行的電源供應系統；同時縮短設計周期，減少原型生成、重復制造，也相應降低產品成本。隨著當今各種高性能/高密度/高腳數集成電路的出現，傳輸系統的設計越來越需要工程師與布局設計人員的緊密合作，以確保能夠透過眾多PCB電源與接地結構，為IC提供純凈、充足的電力。配合先前推出的HyperLynx信號完整性（SI）分析和確認產品組件，Mentor Graphics目前為用戶提供的高性能電子產品設計堪稱業內最全面最具實用性的解決方案。“我們擁有非常高端的用戶，受到高性能集成電路多重電壓等級和電源要求的驅使，需要在一個單一的PCB中設計30余套電力供應結構。”Mentor Graphics副總裁兼系統設計事業部總經理Henry Potts表示。“上述結構的設計需要快速而準 確的直流壓降(DC Power Drop)和電源雜訊(Power NOISE)分析。擁有了精確的分析信息，電源與接地層結構和解藕電容數(de-coupling capacitor number)以及位置都可以決定，得以避免過于保守的設計和高昂的產品成本。”
上傳時間： 2013-11-18
上傳用戶：362279997
隨著系統設計復雜性和集成度的大規模提高，電子系統設計師們正在從事100MHZ以上的電路設計，總線的工作頻率也已經達到或者超過50MHZ，有一大部分甚至超過100MHZ。目前約80% 的設計的時鐘頻率超過50MHz，將近50% 以上的設計主頻超過120MHz，有20%甚至超過500M。當系統工作在50MHz時，將產生傳輸線效應和信號的完整性問題；而當系統時鐘達到120MHz時，除非使用高速電路設計知識，否則基于傳統方法設計的PCB將無法工作。因此，高速電路信號質量仿真已經成為電子系統設計師必須采取的設計手段。只有通過高速電路仿真和先進的物理設計軟件，才能實現設計過程的可控性。傳輸線效應基于上述定義的傳輸線模型，歸納起來，傳輸線會對整個電路設計帶來以下效應。 · 反射信號Reflected signals · 延時和時序錯誤Delay & Timing errors · 過沖(上沖/下沖)Overshoot/Undershoot · 串擾Induced NOISE (or crosstalk) · 電磁輻射EMI radiation
上傳時間： 2013-11-16
上傳用戶：lx9076
數字與模擬電路設計技巧IC與LSI的功能大幅提升使得高壓電路與電力電路除外，幾乎所有的電路都是由半導體組件所構成，雖然半導體組件高速、高頻化時會有EMI的困擾，不過為了充分發揮半導體組件應有的性能，電路板設計與封裝技術仍具有決定性的影響。 模擬與數字技術的融合由于IC與LSI半導體本身的高速化，同時為了使機器達到正常動作的目的，因此技術上的跨越競爭越來越激烈。雖然構成系統的電路未必有clock設計，但是毫無疑問的是系統的可靠度是建立在電子組件的選用、封裝技術、電路設計與成本，以及如何防止噪訊的產生與噪訊外漏等綜合考慮。機器小型化、高速化、多功能化使得低頻/高頻、大功率信號/小功率信號、高輸出阻抗/低輸出阻抗、大電流/小電流、模擬/數字電路，經常出現在同一個高封裝密度電路板，設計者身處如此的環境必需面對前所未有的設計思維挑戰，例如高穩定性電路與吵雜(noisy)性電路為鄰時，如果未將噪訊入侵高穩定性電路的對策視為設計重點，事后反復的設計變更往往成為無解的夢魘。模擬電路與高速數字電路混合設計也是如此，假設微小模擬信號增幅后再將full scale 5V的模擬信號，利用10bit A/D轉換器轉換成數字信號，由于分割幅寬祇有4.9mV，因此要正確讀取該電壓level并非易事，結果造成10bit以上的A/D轉換器面臨無法順利運作的窘境。另一典型實例是使用示波器量測某數字電路基板兩點相隔10cm的ground電位，理論上ground電位應該是零，然而實際上卻可觀測到4.9mV數倍甚至數十倍的脈沖噪訊(pulse NOISE)，如果該電位差是由模擬與數字混合電路的grand所造成的話，要測得4.9 mV的信號根本是不可能的事情，也就是說為了使模擬與數字混合電路順利動作，必需在封裝與電路設計有相對的對策，尤其是數字電路switching時，ground vance NOISE不會入侵analogue ground的防護對策，同時還需充分檢討各電路產生的電流回路(route)與電流大小，依此結果排除各種可能的干擾因素。以上介紹的實例都是設計模擬與數字混合電路時經常遇到的瓶頸，如果是設計12bit以上A/D轉換器時，它的困難度會更加復雜。
上傳時間： 2013-11-16
上傳用戶：731140412
Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei ZhangThesis submitted to the Faculty of theVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universityin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Integrated EMI/Thermal Design forSwitching Power SuppliesWei Zhang(ABSTRACT)This work presents the modeling and analysis of EMI and thermal performancefor switch power supply by using the CAD tools. The methodology and design guidelinesare developed.By using a boost PFC circuit as an example, an equivalent circuit model is builtfor EMI NOISE prediction and analysis. The parasitic elements of circuit layout andcomponents are extracted analytically or by using CAD tools. Based on the model, circuitlayout and magnetic component design are modified to minimize circuit EMI. EMI filtercan be designed at an early stage without prototype implementation.In the second part, thermal analyses are conducted for the circuit by using thesoftware Flotherm, which includes the mechanism of conduction, convection andradiation. Thermal models are built for the components. Thermal performance of thecircuit and the temperature profile of components are predicted. Improved thermalmanagement and winding arrangement are investigated to reduce temperature.In the third part, several circuit layouts and inductor design examples are checkedfrom both the EMI and thermal point of view. Insightful information is obtained.
上傳時間： 2013-11-10
上傳用戶：1595690
