BGA布線指南 BGA CHIP PLACEMENT AND routing RULE BGA是PCB上常用的組件,通常CPU、NORTH BRIDGE、SOUTH BRIDGE、AGP CHIP、CARD BUS CHIP…等,大多是以bga的型式包裝,簡言之,80﹪的高頻信號及特殊信號將會由這類型的package內拉出。因此,如何處理BGA package的走線,對重要信號會有很大的影響。 通常環繞在BGA附近的小零件,依重要性為優先級可分為幾類: 1. by pass。 2. clock終端RC電路。 3. damping(以串接電阻、排組型式出現;例如memory BUS信號) 4. EMI RC電路(以dampin、C、pull height型式出現;例如USB信號)。 5. 其它特殊電路(依不同的CHIP所加的特殊電路;例如CPU的感溫電路)。 6. 40mil以下小電源電路組(以C、L、R等型式出現;此種電路常出現在AGP CHIP or含AGP功能之CHIP附近,透過R、L分隔出不同的電源組)。 7. pull low R、C。 8. 一般小電路組(以R、C、Q、U等型式出現;無走線要求)。 9. pull height R、RP。 中文DOC,共5頁,圖文并茂
上傳時間: 2013-04-24
上傳用戶:cxy9698
Many CAD users dismiss schematic capture as a necessary evil in the process of creating\r\nPCB layout but we have always disputed this point of view. With PCB layout now offering\r\nautomation of both component placement and track routing, getting the des
標簽: schematic necessary creating dismiss
上傳時間: 2013-09-25
上傳用戶:baiom
EDA (Electronic Design Automation)即“電子設計自動化”,是指以計算機為工作平臺,以EDA軟件為開發環境,以硬件描述語言為設計語言,以可編程器件PLD為實驗載體(包括CPLD、FPGA、EPLD等),以集成電路芯片為目標器件的電子產品自動化設計過程?!肮び破涫拢叵壤淦鳌保虼?,EDA工具在電子系統設計中所占的份量越來越高。下面就介紹一些目前較為流行的EDA工具軟件。 PLD 及IC設計開發領域的EDA工具,一般至少要包含仿真器(Simulator)、綜合器(Synthesizer)和配置器(Place and routing, P&R)等幾個特殊的軟件包中的一個或多個,因此這一領域的EDA工具就不包括Protel、PSpice、Ewb等原理圖和PCB板設計及電路仿真軟件。目前流行的EDA工具軟件有兩種分類方法:一種是按公司類別進行分類,另一種是按功能進行劃分。 若按公司類別分,大體可分兩類:一類是EDA 專業軟件公司,業內最著名的三家公司是Cadence、Synopsys和Mentor Graphics;另一類是PLD器件廠商為了銷售其產品而開發的EDA工具,較著名的公司有Altera、Xilinx、lattice等。前者獨立于半導體器件廠商,具有良好的標準化和兼容性,適合于學術研究單位使用,但系統復雜、難于掌握且價格昂貴;后者能針對自己器件的工藝特點作出優化設計,提高資源利用率,降低功耗,改善性能,比較適合產品開發單位使用。 若按功能分,大體可以分為以下三類。 (1) 集成的PLD/FPGA開發環境 由半導體公司提供,基本上可以完成從設計輸入(原理圖或HDL)→仿真→綜合→布線→下載到器件等囊括所有PLD開發流程的所有工作。如Altera公司的MaxplusⅡ、QuartusⅡ,Xilinx公司的ISE,Lattice公司的 ispDesignExpert等。其優勢是功能全集成化,可以加快動態調試,縮短開發周期;缺點是在綜合和仿真環節與專業的軟件相比,都不是非常優秀的。 (2) 綜合類 這類軟件的功能是對設計輸入進行邏輯分析、綜合和優化,將硬件描述語句(通常是系統級的行為描述語句)翻譯成最基本的與或非門的連接關系(網表),導出給PLD/FPGA廠家的軟件進行布局和布線。為了優化結果,在進行較復雜的設計時,基本上都使用這些專業的邏輯綜合軟件,而不采用廠家提供的集成PLD/FPGA開發工具。如Synplicity公司的Synplify、Synopsys公司的FPGAexpress、FPGA Compiler Ⅱ等。 (3) 仿真類 這類軟件的功能是對設計進行模擬仿真,包括布局布線(P&R)前的“功能仿真”(也叫“前仿真”)和P&R后的包含了門延時、線延時等的“時序仿真”(也叫“后仿真”)。復雜一些的設計,一般需要使用這些專業的仿真軟件。因為同樣的設計輸入,專業軟件的仿真速度比集成環境的速度快得多。此類軟件最著名的要算Model Technology公司的Modelsim,Cadence公司的NC-Verilog/NC-VHDL/NC-SIM等。 以上介紹了一些具代表性的EDA 工具軟件。它們在性能上各有所長,有的綜合優化能力突出,有的仿真模擬功能強,好在多數工具能相互兼容,具有互操作性。比如Altera公司的 QuartusII集成開發工具,就支持多種第三方的EDA軟件,用戶可以在QuartusII軟件中通過設置直接調用Modelsim和 Synplify進行仿真和綜合。 如果設計的硬件系統不是很大,對綜合和仿真的要求不是很高,那么可以在一個集成的開發環境中完成整個設計流程。如果要進行復雜系統的設計,則常規的方法是多種EDA工具協調工作,集各家之所長來完成設計流程。
上傳時間: 2013-11-19
上傳用戶:wxqman
LAYOUT REPORT .............. 1 目錄.................. 1 1. PCB LAYOUT 術語解釋(TERMS)......... 2 2. Test Point : ATE 測試點供工廠ICT 測試治具使用............ 2 3. 基準點 (光學點) -for SMD:........... 4 4. 標記 (LABEL ING)......... 5 5. VIA HOLE PAD................. 5 6. PCB Layer 排列方式...... 5 7.零件佈置注意事項 (PLACEMENT NOTES)............... 5 8. PCB LAYOUT 設計............ 6 9. Transmission Line ( 傳輸線 )..... 8 10.General Guidelines – 跨Plane.. 8 11. General Guidelines – 繞線....... 9 12. General Guidelines – Damping Resistor. 10 13. General Guidelines - RJ45 to Transformer................. 10 14. Clock routing Guideline........... 12 15. OSC & CRYSTAL Guideline........... 12 16. CPU
上傳時間: 2013-12-20
上傳用戶:康郎
This document provides practical, common guidelines for incorporating PCI Express interconnect layouts onto Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) ranging from 4-layer desktop baseboard designs to 10- layer or more server baseboard designs. Guidelines and constraints in this document are intended for use on both baseboard and add-in card PCB designs. This includes interconnects between PCI Express devices located on the same baseboard (chip-to-chip routing) and interconnects between a PCI Express device located “down” on the baseboard and a device located “up” on an add-in card attached through a connector. This document is intended to cover all major components of the physical interconnect including design guidelines for the PCB traces, vias and AC coupling capacitors, as well as add-in card edge-finger and connector considerations. The intent of the guidelines and examples is to help ensure that good high-speed signal design practices are used and that the timing/jitter and loss/attenuation budgets can also be met from end-to-end across the PCI Express interconnect. However, while general physical guidelines and suggestions are given, they may not necessarily guarantee adequate performance of the interconnect for all layouts and implementations. Therefore, designers should consider modeling and simulation of the interconnect in order to ensure compliance to all applicable specifications. The document is composed of two main sections. The first section provides an overview of general topology and interconnect guidelines. The second section concentrates on physical layout constraints where bulleted items at the beginning of a topic highlight important constraints, while the narrative that follows offers additional insight.
上傳時間: 2013-10-15
上傳用戶:busterman
The LTM8020, LTM8021, LTM8022 and LTM8023 μModule®regulators are complete easy-to-use encapsulated stepdownDC/DC regulators intended to take the pain and aggravationout of implementing a switching power supplyonto a system board. With a μModule regulator, you onlyneed an input cap, output cap and one or two resistorsto complete the design. As one might imagine, this highlevel of integration greatly simplifi es the task of printedcircuit board design, reducing the effort to four categories:component footprint generation, component placement,routing the nets, and thermal vias.
上傳時間: 2014-01-18
上傳用戶:laomv123
中文版詳情瀏覽:http://www.elecfans.com/emb/fpga/20130715324029.html Xilinx UltraScale:The Next-Generation Architecture for Your Next-Generation Architecture The Xilinx® UltraScale™ architecture delivers unprecedented levels of integration and capability with ASIC-class system- level performance for the most demanding applications. The UltraScale architecture is the industr y's f irst application of leading-edge ASIC architectural enhancements in an All Programmable architecture that scales from 20 nm planar through 16 nm FinFET technologies and beyond, in addition to scaling from monolithic through 3D ICs. Through analytical co-optimization with the X ilinx V ivado® Design Suite, the UltraScale architecture provides massive routing capacity while intelligently resolving typical bottlenecks in ways never before possible. This design synergy achieves greater than 90% utilization with no performance degradation. Some of the UltraScale architecture breakthroughs include: • Strategic placement (virtually anywhere on the die) of ASIC-like system clocks, reducing clock skew by up to 50% • Latency-producing pipelining is virtually unnecessary in systems with massively parallel bus architecture, increasing system speed and capability • Potential timing-closure problems and interconnect bottlenecks are eliminated, even in systems requiring 90% or more resource utilization • 3D IC integration makes it possible to build larger devices one process generation ahead of the current industr y standard • Greatly increased system performance, including multi-gigabit serial transceivers, I/O, and memor y bandwidth is available within even smaller system power budgets • Greatly enhanced DSP and packet handling The Xilinx UltraScale architecture opens up whole new dimensions for designers of ultra-high-capacity solutions.
標簽: UltraScale Xilinx 架構
上傳時間: 2013-11-13
上傳用戶:瓦力瓦力hong
在車載自組網中,路由協議很大程度上決定了整個網絡的性能。如何有效的利用車流信息提高傳輸質量是改善路由性能的一個關鍵問題。本文基于速度-密度線性模型,提出了一種實時車流密度的路由協議RVDR(Real-time Vehicle Density routing)。該協議通過與鄰居節點交換的速度信息,對相關道路車流密度進行預測,并給出基于車流密度信息的路徑選擇方法。仿真結果表明,與現有協議相比,RVDR協議在實時性和高效性等性能方面得到改進。
上傳時間: 2014-07-10
上傳用戶:ZJX5201314
很多不同的廠家生產各種型號的計算機,它們運行完全不同的操作系統,但TCP.IP協議族允許它們互相進行通信。這一點很讓人感到吃驚,因為它的作用已遠遠超出了起初的設想。T C P / I P起源于6 0年代末美國政府資助的一個分組交換網絡研究項目,到9 0年代已發展成為計算機之間最常應用的組網形式。它是一個真正的開放系統,因為協議族的定義及其多種實現可以不用花錢或花很少的錢就可以公開地得到。它成為被稱作“全球互聯網”或“因特網(Internet)”的基礎,該廣域網(WA N)已包含超過1 0 0萬臺遍布世界各地的計算機。本章主要對T C P / I P協議族進行概述,其目的是為本書其余章節提供充分的背景知識。 TCP.IP協議 縮略語 ACK (ACKnowledgment) TCP首部中的確認標志 API (Application Programming Interface) 應用編程接口 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) 地址解析協議 ARPANET(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency NETwork) (美國)國防部遠景研究規劃局 AS (Autonomous System) 自治系統 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 美國信息交換標準碼 ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One) 抽象語法記法1 BER (Basic Encoding Rule) 基本編碼規則 BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) 邊界網關協議 BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain) 伯克利I n t e r n e t域名 BOOTP (BOOTstrap Protocol) 引導程序協議 BPF (BSD Packet Filter) BSD 分組過濾器 CIDR (Classless InterDomain routing) 無類型域間選路 CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange) 商業互聯網交換 CLNP (ConnectionLess Network Protocol) 無連接網絡協議 CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) 循環冗余檢驗 CSLIP (Compressed SLIP) 壓縮的S L I P CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) 載波偵聽多路存取 DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment) 數據電路端接設備 DDN (Defense Data Network) 國防數據網 DF (Don’t Fragment) IP首部中的不分片標志 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) 動態主機配置協議 DLPI (Data Link Provider Interface) 數據鏈路提供者接口 DNS (Domain Name System) 域名系統 DSAP (Destination Service Access Point) 目的服務訪問點 DSLAM (DSL Access Multiplexer) 數字用戶線接入復用器 DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) 直接序列擴頻 DTS (Distributed Time Service) 分布式時間服務 DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast routing Protocol) 距離向量多播選路協議 EBONE (European IP BackbONE) 歐洲I P主干網 EOL (End of Option List) 選項清單結束 EGP (External Gateway Protocol) 外部網關協議 EIA (Electronic Industries Association) 美國電子工業協會 FCS (Frame Check Sequence) 幀檢驗序列 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 光纖分布式數據接口 FIFO (First In, First Out) 先進先出 FIN (FINish) TCP首部中的結束標志 FQDN (Full Qualified Domain Name) 完全合格的域名 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件傳送協議 HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) 高級數據鏈路控制 HELLO 選路協議 IAB (Internet Architecture Board) Internet體系結構委員會 IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Internet號分配機構 ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Internet控制報文協議 IDRP (InterDomain routing Protocol) 域間選路協議 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) (美國)電氣與電子工程師協會 IEN (Internet Experiment Notes) 互聯網試驗注釋 IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group) Internet工程指導小組 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Internet工程專門小組 IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) Internet組管理協議 IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) 內部網關協議 IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) Internet報文存取協議 IP (Internet Protocol) 網際協議 I RTF (Internet Research Task Force) Internet研究專門小組 IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System Protocol) 中間系統到中間系統協議 ISN (Initial Sequence Number) 初始序號 ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 國際標準化組織 ISOC (Internet SOCiety) Internet協會 LAN (Local Area Network) 局域網 LBX (Low Bandwidth X) 低帶寬X LCP (Link Control Protocol) 鏈路控制協議 LFN (Long Fat Net) 長肥網絡 LIFO (Last In, First Out) 后進先出 LLC (Logical Link Control) 邏輯鏈路控制 LSRR (Loose Source and Record Route) 寬松的源站及記錄路由 MBONE (Multicast Backbone On the InterNEt) Internet上的多播主干網 MIB (Management Information Base) 管理信息庫 MILNET (MILitary NETwork) 軍用網 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) 通用I n t e r n e t郵件擴充 MSL (Maximum Segment Lifetime) 報文段最大生存時間 MSS (Maximum Segment Size) 最大報文段長度 M TA (Message Transfer Agent) 報文傳送代理 MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) 最大傳輸單元 NCP (Network Control Protocol) 網絡控制協議 NFS (Network File System) 網絡文件系統 NIC (Network Information Center) 網絡信息中心 NIT (Network Interface Tap) 網絡接口栓(S u n公司的一個程序) NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol) 網絡新聞傳送協議 NOAO (National Optical Astronomy Observatories) 國家光學天文臺 NOP (No Operation) 無操作 NSFNET (National Science Foundation NETwork) 國家科學基金網絡 NSI (NASA Science Internet) (美國)國家宇航局I n t e r n e t NTP (Network Time Protocol) 網絡時間協議 NVT (Network Virtual Terminal) 網絡虛擬終端 OSF (Open Software Foudation) 開放軟件基金 OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) 開放系統互連 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) 開放最短通路優先 PAWS (Protection Against Wrapped Sequence number) 防止回繞的序號 PDU (Protocol Data Unit) 協議數據單元 POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface) 可移植操作系統接口 PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) 點對點協議 PSH (PuSH) TCP首部中的急迫標志 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) 逆地址解析協議 RFC (Request For Comments) Internet的文檔,其中的少部分成為標準文檔 RIP (routing Information Protocol) 路由信息協議 RPC (Remote Procedure Call) 遠程過程調用 RR (Resource Record) 資源記錄 RST (ReSeT) TCP首部中的復位標志 RTO (Retransmission Time Out) 重傳超時 RTT (Round-Trip Time) 往返時間 SACK (Selective ACKnowledgment) 有選擇的確認 SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) 串行線路I n t e r n e t協議 SMI (Structure of Management Information) 管理信息結構 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 簡單郵件傳送協議 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 簡單網絡管理協議 SSAP (Source Service Access Point) 源服務訪問點 SSRR (Strict Source and Record Route) 嚴格的源站及記錄路由 SWS (Silly Window Syndrome) 糊涂窗口綜合癥 SYN (SYNchronous) TCP首部中的同步序號標志 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) 傳輸控制協議 TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) 簡單文件傳送協議 TLI (Transport Layer Interface) 運輸層接口 TTL (Ti m e - To-Live) 生存時間或壽命 TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses) 具有更長地址的T C P和U D P Telnet 遠程終端協議 UA (User Agent) 用戶代理 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 用戶數據報協議 URG (URGent) TCP首部中的緊急指針標志 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 協調的統一時間 UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) Unix到U n i x的復制 WAN (Wide Area Network) 廣域網 WWW (World Wide Web) 萬維網 XDR (eXternal Data Representation) 外部數據表示 XID (transaction ID) 事務標識符 XTI (X/Open Transport Layer Interface) X/ O p e n運輸層接口
上傳時間: 2013-11-13
上傳用戶:tdyoung
為滿足無線網絡技術具有低功耗、節點體積小、網絡容量大、網絡傳輸可靠等技術要求,設計了一種以MSP430單片機和CC2420射頻收發器組成的無線傳感節點。通過分析其節點組成,提出了ZigBee技術中的幾種網絡拓撲形式,并研究了ZigBee路由算法。針對不同的傳輸要求形式選用不同的網絡拓撲形式可以盡大可能地減少系統成本。同時針對不同網絡選用正確的ZigBee路由算法有效地減少了網絡能量消耗,提高了系統的可靠性。應用試驗表明,采用ZigBee方式通信可以提高傳輸速率且覆蓋范圍大,與傳統的有線通信方式相比可以節約40%左右的成本。 Abstract: To improve the proposed technical requirements such as low-ower, small nodes, large capacity and reliable network transmission, wireless sensor nodes based on MSP430 MCU and CC2420 RF transceiver were designed. This paper provided network topology of ZigBee technology by analysing the component of the nodes and researched ZigBee routing algorithm. Aiming at different requirements of transmission mode to choose the different network topologies form can most likely reduce the system cost. And aiming at different network to choose the correct ZigBee routing algorithm can effectively reduced the network energy consumption and improved the reliability of the system. Results show that the communication which used ZigBee mode can improve the transmission rate, cover more area and reduce 40% cost compared with traditional wired communications mode.
上傳時間: 2013-10-09
上傳用戶:robter