metricmatlab
ch ¬ ng 4
Ma trË n - c¸ c phÐ p to¸ n vÒ ma trË n.
4.1 Kh¸ i niÖ m:
- Trong MATLAB d÷ liÖ u ® Ó ® a vµ o xö lý d íi d¹ ng ma trË n.
- Ma trË n A cã n hµ ng, m cét ® î c gä i lµ ma trË n cì n m. § î c ký hiÖ u An m
- PhÇ n tö aij cñ a ma trË n An m lµ phÇ n tö n» m ë hµ ng thø i, cét j .
- Ma trË n ® ¬ n ( sè ® ¬ n lÎ ) lµ ma trË n 1 hµ ng 1 cét.
- Ma trË n hµ ng ( 1 m ) sè liÖ u ® î c bè trÝ trª n mét hµ ng.
a11 a12 a13 ... a1m
- Ma trË n cét ( n 1) sè liÖ u ® î c bè trÝ trª n 1 cét.
The Kalman filter is an efficient recursive filter that estimates the state of a linear dynamic system from a series of noisy measurements. It is used in a wide range of engineering applications from radar to computer vision, and is an important topic in control theory and control systems engineering. Together with the linear-quadratic regulator (LQR), the Kalman filter solves the linear-quadratic-Gaussian control problem (LQG). The Kalman filter, the linear-quadratic regulator and the linear-quadratic-Gaussian controller are solutions to what probably are the most fundamental problems in control theory.
The AP2406 is a 1.5Mhz constant frequency, slope compensated current mode PWM step-down converter. The device integrates a main switch and a synchronous rectifier for high efficiency without an external Schottky diode. It is ideal for powering portable equipment that runs from a single cell lithium-Ion (Li+) battery. The AP2406 can supply 600mA of load current from a 2.5V to 5.5V input voltage. The output voltage can be regulated as low as 0.6V. The AP2406 can also run at 100% duty cycle for low dropout operation, extending battery life in portable system. Idle mode operation at light loads provides very low output ripple voltage for noise sensitive applications.
The AP2406 is offered in a low profile (1mm) 5-pin, thin SOT package, and is available in an adjustable version and fixed output voltage of 1.2V, 1.5V and 1.8V
Improved guaranteed cost control and quantum adaptive control are developed in this study for a quadrotor helicopter with state
delay and actuator faults. Improved guaranteed cost control is designed to eliminate disturbance effects and guarantee the robust stability of a
quadrotor helicopter with state delay. The inapplicability of guaranteed cost control to the quadrotor linear model is addressed by combining
guaranteed cost control with a model reference linear quadratic regulator. In the event of actuator faults, quadrotor tracking performance is
maintained through quantum adaptive control. Finally, the availability of the proposed scheme is verified through numerical simulation
Lithium–sulfur batteries are a promising energy-storage technology due to their relatively low cost and high theoretical energy density. However, one of their major technical problems is the shuttling of soluble polysulfides between electrodes, resulting in rapid capacity fading. Here, we present a metal–organic framework (MOF)-based battery separator to mitigate the shuttling problem. We show that the MOF-based separator acts as an ionic sieve in lithium–sulfur batteries, which selectively sieves Li+ ions while e ciently suppressing undesired polysulfides migrating to the anode side. When a sulfur-containing mesoporous carbon material (approximately 70 wt% sulfur content) is used as a cathode composite without elaborate synthesis or surface modification, a lithium–sulfur battery with a MOF-based separator exhibits a low capacity decay rate (0.019% per cycle over 1,500 cycles). Moreover, there is almost no capacity fading after the initial 100 cycles. Our approach demonstrates the potential for MOF-based materials as separators for energy-storage applications.
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high energy density and long cycle life are considered to be one of the most promising next-generation energy-storage systems beyond routine lithium-ion batteries. Various approaches have been proposed to break down technical barriers in Li–S battery systems. The use
of nanostructured metal oxides and sulfides for high sulfur utilization and long life span of Li–S batteries is reviewed here. The relationships between the intrinsic properties of metal oxide/sulfide hosts and electrochemical performances of Li–S batteries are discussed. Nanostructured metal oxides/ sulfides hosts used in solid sulfur cathodes, separators/interlayers, lithium- metal-anode protection, and lithium polysulfides batteries are discussed respectively. Prospects for the future developments of Li–S batteries with nanostructured metal oxides/sulfides are also discussed.
Despite the development of a now vast body of knowledge known as modern
control theory, and despite some spectacular applications of this theory to practical
situations, it is quite clear that some of the theory has yet to find application, and
many practical control problems have yet to find a theory that will successfully deal
with them. No one book, of course, can remedy the situation. The aim of this book
is to construct bridges that are still required for the student and practicing control
engineer between the familiar classical control results and those of modern control
theory.
