A MEMS microphone IC is unique among Analog Devices, Inc., products in that its input is an acoustic pressure wave. For this reason, some specifications included in the data sheets for these parts may not be familiar, or familiar specifications may be applied in unfamiliar ways. This application note explains the specifica-tions and terms found in MEMS microphone data sheets so that the microphone can be appropriately designed into a system.
標(biāo)簽: MEMS 麥克風(fēng) 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 效率
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-31
上傳用戶:masochism
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-Significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
標(biāo)簽: Converters Defini DAC
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-30
上傳用戶:stvnash
ANALOG INPUT BANDWIDTH is a measure of the frequencyat which the reconstructed output fundamental drops3 dB below its low frequency value for a full scale input. Thetest is performed with fIN equal to 100 kHz plus integer multiplesof fCLK. The input frequency at which the output is −3dB relative to the low frequency input signal is the full powerbandwidth.APERTURE JITTER is the variation in aperture delay fromsample to sample. Aperture jitter shows up as input noise.APERTURE DELAY See Sampling Delay.BOTTOM OFFSET is the difference between the input voltagethat just causes the output code to transition to the firstcode and the negative reference voltage. Bottom Offset isdefined as EOB = VZT–VRB, where VZT is the first code transitioninput voltage and VRB is the lower reference voltage.Note that this is different from the normal Zero Scale Error.CONVERSION LATENCY See PIPELINE DELAY.CONVERSION TIME is the time required for a completemeasurement by an analog-to-digital converter. Since theConversion Time does not include acquisition time, multiplexerset up time, or other elements of a complete conversioncycle, the conversion time may be less than theThroughput Time.DC COMMON-MODE ERROR is a specification which appliesto ADCs with differential inputs. It is the change in theoutput code that occurs when the analog voltages on the twoinputs are changed by an equal amount. It is usually expressed in LSBs.
標(biāo)簽: Converter Defi ADC 轉(zhuǎn)換器
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-12
上傳用戶:pans0ul
The equal-area theorem●This is sinusoidal PWM (SPWM)●The equal-area theorem can be appliedto realize any shape of waveforms ●Natural sampling●Calculation based on equal-area criterion●Selected harmonic elimination●Regular sampling●Hysteresis-band control●Triangular wave comparison withfeedback control
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-22
上傳用戶:linyao
數(shù)字與模擬電路設(shè)計(jì)技巧IC與LSI的功能大幅提升使得高壓電路與電力電路除外,幾乎所有的電路都是由半導(dǎo)體組件所構(gòu)成,雖然半導(dǎo)體組件高速、高頻化時(shí)會(huì)有EMI的困擾,不過為了充分發(fā)揮半導(dǎo)體組件應(yīng)有的性能,電路板設(shè)計(jì)與封裝技術(shù)仍具有決定性的影響。 模擬與數(shù)字技術(shù)的融合由于IC與LSI半導(dǎo)體本身的高速化,同時(shí)為了使機(jī)器達(dá)到正常動(dòng)作的目的,因此技術(shù)上的跨越競(jìng)爭越來越激烈。雖然構(gòu)成系統(tǒng)的電路未必有clock設(shè)計(jì),但是毫無疑問的是系統(tǒng)的可靠度是建立在電子組件的選用、封裝技術(shù)、電路設(shè)計(jì)與成本,以及如何防止噪訊的產(chǎn)生與噪訊外漏等綜合考慮。機(jī)器小型化、高速化、多功能化使得低頻/高頻、大功率信號(hào)/小功率信號(hào)、高輸出阻抗/低輸出阻抗、大電流/小電流、模擬/數(shù)字電路,經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)高封裝密度電路板,設(shè)計(jì)者身處如此的環(huán)境必需面對(duì)前所未有的設(shè)計(jì)思維挑戰(zhàn),例如高穩(wěn)定性電路與吵雜(noisy)性電路為鄰時(shí),如果未將噪訊入侵高穩(wěn)定性電路的對(duì)策視為設(shè)計(jì)重點(diǎn),事后反復(fù)的設(shè)計(jì)變更往往成為無解的夢(mèng)魘。模擬電路與高速數(shù)字電路混合設(shè)計(jì)也是如此,假設(shè)微小模擬信號(hào)增幅后再將full scale 5V的模擬信號(hào),利用10bit A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器轉(zhuǎn)換成數(shù)字信號(hào),由于分割幅寬祇有4.9mV,因此要正確讀取該電壓level并非易事,結(jié)果造成10bit以上的A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器面臨無法順利運(yùn)作的窘境。另一典型實(shí)例是使用示波器量測(cè)某數(shù)字電路基板兩點(diǎn)相隔10cm的ground電位,理論上ground電位應(yīng)該是零,然而實(shí)際上卻可觀測(cè)到4.9mV數(shù)倍甚至數(shù)十倍的脈沖噪訊(pulse noise),如果該電位差是由模擬與數(shù)字混合電路的grand所造成的話,要測(cè)得4.9 mV的信號(hào)根本是不可能的事情,也就是說為了使模擬與數(shù)字混合電路順利動(dòng)作,必需在封裝與電路設(shè)計(jì)有相對(duì)的對(duì)策,尤其是數(shù)字電路switching時(shí),ground vance noise不會(huì)入侵analogue ground的防護(hù)對(duì)策,同時(shí)還需充分檢討各電路產(chǎn)生的電流回路(route)與電流大小,依此結(jié)果排除各種可能的干擾因素。以上介紹的實(shí)例都是設(shè)計(jì)模擬與數(shù)字混合電路時(shí)經(jīng)常遇到的瓶頸,如果是設(shè)計(jì)12bit以上A/D轉(zhuǎn)換器時(shí),它的困難度會(huì)更加復(fù)雜。
標(biāo)簽: 數(shù)字 模擬電路 設(shè)計(jì)技巧
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-16
上傳用戶:731140412
本文將接續(xù)介紹電源與功率電路基板,以及數(shù)字電路基板導(dǎo)線設(shè)計(jì)。寬帶與高頻電路基板導(dǎo)線設(shè)計(jì)a.輸入阻抗1MHz,平滑性(flatness)50MHz 的OP增幅器電路基板圖26 是由FET 輸入的高速OP 增幅器OPA656 構(gòu)成的高輸入阻抗OP 增幅電路,它的gain取決于R1、R2,本電路圖的電路定數(shù)為2 倍。此外為改善平滑性特別追加設(shè)置可以加大噪訊gain,抑制gain-頻率特性高頻領(lǐng)域時(shí)峰值的R3。圖26 高輸入阻抗的寬帶OP增幅電路圖27 是高輸入阻抗OP 增幅器的電路基板圖案。降低高速OP 增幅器反相輸入端子與接地之間的浮游容量非常重要,所以本電路的浮游容量設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)低于0.5pF。如果上述部位附著大浮游容量的話,會(huì)成為高頻領(lǐng)域的頻率特性產(chǎn)生峰值的原因,嚴(yán)重時(shí)頻率甚至?xí)驗(yàn)閒eedback 阻抗與浮游容量,造成feedback 信號(hào)的位相延遲,最后導(dǎo)致頻率特性產(chǎn)生波動(dòng)現(xiàn)象。此外高輸入阻抗OP 增幅器輸入部位的浮游容量也逐漸成為問題,圖27 的電路基板圖案的非反相輸入端子部位無full ground設(shè)計(jì),如果有外部噪訊干擾之虞時(shí),接地可設(shè)計(jì)成網(wǎng)格狀(mesh)。圖28 是根據(jù)圖26 制成的OP 增幅器Gain-頻率特性測(cè)試結(jié)果,由圖可知即使接近50MHz頻率特性非常平滑,-3dB cutoff頻率大約是133MHz。
標(biāo)簽: PCB
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-11-13
上傳用戶:hebanlian
磁芯電感器的諧波失真分析 摘 要:簡述了改進(jìn)鐵氧體軟磁材料比損耗系數(shù)和磁滯常數(shù)ηB,從而降低總諧波失真THD的歷史過程,分析了諸多因數(shù)對(duì)諧波測(cè)量的影響,提出了磁心性能的調(diào)控方向。 關(guān)鍵詞:比損耗系數(shù), 磁滯常數(shù)ηB ,直流偏置特性DC-Bias,總諧波失真THD Analysis on THD of the fer rite co res u se d i n i nductancShi Yan Nanjing Finemag Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210033 Abstract: Histrory of decreasing THD by improving the ratio loss coefficient and hysteresis constant of soft magnetic ferrite is briefly narrated. The effect of many factors which affect the harmonic wave testing is analysed. The way of improving the performance of ferrite cores is put forward. Key words: ratio loss coefficient,hysteresis constant,DC-Bias,THD 近年來,變壓器生產(chǎn)廠家和軟磁鐵氧體生產(chǎn)廠家,在電感器和變壓器產(chǎn)品的總諧波失真指標(biāo)控制上,進(jìn)行了深入的探討和廣泛的合作,逐步弄清了一些似是而非的問題。從工藝技術(shù)上采取了不少有效措施,促進(jìn)了質(zhì)量問題的迅速解決。本文將就此熱門話題作一些粗淺探討。 一、 歷史回顧 總諧波失真(Total harmonic distortion) ,簡稱THD,并不是什么新的概念,早在幾十年前的載波通信技術(shù)中就已有嚴(yán)格要求<1>。1978年郵電部公布的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)YD/Z17-78“載波用鐵氧體罐形磁心”中,規(guī)定了高μQ材料制作的無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心詳細(xì)的測(cè)試電路和方法。如圖一電路所示,利用LC組成的150KHz低通濾波器在高電平輸入的情況下測(cè)量磁心產(chǎn)生的非線性失真。這種相對(duì)比較的實(shí)用方法,專用于無中心柱配對(duì)罐形磁心的諧波衰耗測(cè)試。 這種磁心主要用于載波電報(bào)、電話設(shè)備的遙測(cè)振蕩器和線路放大器系統(tǒng),其非線性失真有很嚴(yán)格的要求。 圖中 ZD —— QF867 型阻容式載頻振蕩器,輸出阻抗 150Ω, Ld47 —— 47KHz 低通濾波器,阻抗 150Ω,阻帶衰耗大于61dB, Lg88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器,阻抗 150Ω,三次諧波衰耗大于61dB Ld88 ——并聯(lián)高低通濾波器,阻抗 150Ω,三次諧波衰耗大于61dB FD —— 30~50KHz 放大器, 阻抗 150Ω, 增益不小于 43 dB,三次諧波衰耗b3(0)≥91 dB, DP —— Qp373 選頻電平表,輸入高阻抗, L ——被測(cè)無心罐形磁心及線圈, C ——聚苯乙烯薄膜電容器CMO-100V-707APF±0.5%,二只。 測(cè)量時(shí),所配用線圈應(yīng)用絲包銅電磁線SQJ9×0.12(JB661-75)在直徑為16.1mm的線架上繞制 120 匝, (線架為一格) , 其空心電感值為 318μH(誤差1%) 被測(cè)磁心配對(duì)安裝好后,先調(diào)節(jié)振蕩器頻率為 36.6~40KHz, 使輸出電平值為+17.4 dB, 即選頻表在 22′端子測(cè)得的主波電平 (P2)為+17.4 dB,然后在33′端子處測(cè)得輸出的三次諧波電平(P3), 則三次諧波衰耗值為:b3(+2)= P2+S+ P3 式中:S 為放大器增益dB 從以往的資料引證, 就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)諧波失真的測(cè)量是一項(xiàng)很精細(xì)的工作,其中測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的高、低通濾波器,信號(hào)源和放大器本身的三次諧波衰耗控制很嚴(yán),阻抗必須匹配,薄膜電容器的非線性也有相應(yīng)要求。濾波器的電感全由不帶任何磁介質(zhì)的大空心線圈繞成,以保證本身的“潔凈” ,不至于造成對(duì)磁心分選的誤判。 為了滿足多路通信整機(jī)的小型化和穩(wěn)定性要求, 必須生產(chǎn)低損耗高穩(wěn)定磁心。上世紀(jì) 70 年代初,1409 所和四機(jī)部、郵電部各廠,從工藝上改變了推板空氣窯燒結(jié),出窯后經(jīng)真空罐冷卻的落后方式,改用真空爐,并控制燒結(jié)、冷卻氣氛。技術(shù)上采用共沉淀法攻關(guān)試制出了μQ乘積 60 萬和 100 萬的低損耗高穩(wěn)定材料,在此基礎(chǔ)上,還實(shí)現(xiàn)了高μ7000~10000材料的突破,從而大大縮短了與國外企業(yè)的技術(shù)差異。當(dāng)時(shí)正處于通信技術(shù)由FDM(頻率劃分調(diào)制)向PCM(脈沖編碼調(diào)制) 轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)期, 日本人明石雅夫發(fā)表了μQ乘積125 萬為 0.8×10 ,100KHz)的超優(yōu)鐵氧體材料<3>,其磁滯系數(shù)降為優(yōu)鐵
上傳時(shí)間: 2014-12-24
上傳用戶:7891
PCB LAYOUT 基本規(guī)範(fàn)項(xiàng)次 項(xiàng)目 備註1 一般PCB 過板方向定義: PCB 在SMT 生產(chǎn)方向?yàn)槎踢呥^迴焊爐(Reflow), PCB 長邊為SMT 輸送帶夾持邊. PCB 在DIP 生產(chǎn)方向?yàn)镮/O Port 朝前過波焊爐(Wave Solder), PCB 與I/O 垂直的兩邊為DIP 輸送帶夾持邊.1.1 金手指過板方向定義: SMT: 金手指邊與SMT 輸送帶夾持邊垂直. DIP: 金手指邊與DIP 輸送帶夾持邊一致.2 SMD 零件文字框外緣距SMT 輸送帶夾持邊L1 需≧150 mil. SMD 及DIP 零件文字框外緣距板邊L2 需≧100 mil.3 PCB I/O port 板邊的螺絲孔(精靈孔)PAD 至PCB 板邊, 不得有SMD 或DIP 零件(如右圖黃色區(qū)).PAD
上傳時(shí)間: 2014-12-24
上傳用戶:jokey075
We provide complete power solutions with a full lineup of power managementproducts. This brochure provides an overview of our high performance DC/DC switching regulatorcontrollers for applications including datacom, telecom, industrial, automotive, medical, avionicsand control systems. We make power design easier with our industry-leading field applicationengineering support; a broad selection of demonstration boards with schematics, layout filesand parts lists; SwitcherCAD® software for simulation, application notes and comprehensivetechnical documentation.
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-15
上傳用戶:lz4v4
Abstract: Impedance mismatches in a radio-frequency (RF) electrical transmission line cause power loss andreflected energy. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is a way to measure transmission line imperfections. Thistutorial defines VSWR and explains how it is calculated. Finally, an antenna VSWR monitoring system is shown.
標(biāo)簽: VSWR 輸電線路 精確測(cè)量 電壓駐波比
上傳時(shí)間: 2013-10-19
上傳用戶:yuanwenjiao
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