軟件無線電(SDR，Software Defined Radio)由于具備傳統(tǒng)無線電技術(shù)無可比擬的優(yōu)越性，已成為業(yè)界公認(rèn)的現(xiàn)代無線電通信技術(shù)的發(fā)展方向。理想的軟件無線電系統(tǒng)強調(diào)體系結(jié)構(gòu)的開放性和可編程性，減少靈活性著的硬件電路，把數(shù)字化處理(ADC和DAC)盡可能靠近天線，通過軟件的更新改變硬件的配置、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能。目前，直接對射頻(RF)進行采樣的技術(shù)尚未實現(xiàn)普及的產(chǎn)品化，而用數(shù)字變頻器在中頻進行數(shù)字化是普遍采用的方法，其主要思想是，數(shù)字混頻器用離散化的單頻本振信號與輸入采樣信號在乘法器中相乘，再經(jīng)插值或抽取濾波，其結(jié)果是，輸入信號頻譜搬移到所需頻帶，數(shù)據(jù)速率也相應(yīng)改變，以供后續(xù)模塊做進一步處理。數(shù)字變頻器在發(fā)射設(shè)備和接收設(shè)備中分別稱為數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC，Digital Upper Converter)和數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC，Digital Down Converter)，它們是軟件無線電通信設(shè)備的關(guān)鍵部什。大規(guī)模可編程邏輯器件的應(yīng)用為現(xiàn)代通信系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計帶來極大的靈活性。基于FPGA的數(shù)字變頻器設(shè)計是深受廣大設(shè)計人員歡迎的設(shè)計手段。本文的重點研究是數(shù)字下變頻器(DDC)，然而將它與數(shù)字上變頻器(DUC)完全割裂后進行研究顯然是不妥的，因此，本文對數(shù)字上變頻器也作適當(dāng)介紹。 第一章簡要闡述了軟件無線電及數(shù)字下變頻的基本概念，介紹了研究背景及所完成的主要研究工作。 第二章介紹了數(shù)控振蕩器(NCO)，介紹了兩種實現(xiàn)方法，即基于查找表和基于CORDIC算法的實現(xiàn)。對CORDIc算法作了重點介紹，給出了傳統(tǒng)算法和改進算法，并對基于傳統(tǒng)CORDIC算法的NCO的FPGA實現(xiàn)進行了EDA仿真。 第三章介紹了變速率采樣技術(shù)，重點介紹了軟件無線電中廣泛采用的級聯(lián)積分梳狀濾波器 (cascaded integratot comb， CIC)和ISOP(Interpolated Second Order Polynomial)補償法，對前者進行了基于Matlab的理論仿真和FPGA實現(xiàn)的EDA仿真，后者只進行了基于Matlab的理論仿真。 第四章介紹了分布式算法和軟件無線電中廣泛采用的半帶(half-band，HB)濾波器，對基于分布式算法的半帶濾波器的FPGA實現(xiàn)進行了EDA仿真，最后簡要介紹了FIR的多相結(jié)構(gòu)。 第五章對數(shù)字下變頻器系統(tǒng)進行了噪聲綜合分析，給出了一個噪聲模型。 第六章介紹了數(shù)字下變頻器在短波電臺中頻數(shù)字化應(yīng)用中的一個實例，給出了測試結(jié)果，重點介紹了下變頻器的：FPGA實現(xiàn)，其對應(yīng)的VHDL程序收錄在本文最后的附錄中，希望對從事該領(lǐng)域設(shè)計的技術(shù)人員具有一定參考價值。
數(shù)字下變頻(DDC：Digital Down Convert)是將中頻信號數(shù)字下變頻至零中頻且使信號速率下降至適合通用DSP器件處理速率的技術(shù)。實現(xiàn)這種功能的數(shù)字下變頻器是軟件無線電的核心部分。采用專用DDC芯片完成數(shù)字下變頻，雖然具...
The purpose of this application note is to show an example of how a digital potentiometer can be used in thefeedback loop of a step-up DC-DC converter to provide calibration and/or adjustment of the output voltage.The example circuit uses a MAX5025 step-up DC-DC converter (capable of generating up to 36V,120mWmax) in conjunction with a DS1845, 256 position, NV digital potentiometer. For this example, the desiredoutput voltage is 32V, which is generated from an input supply of 5V. The output voltage can be adjusted in35mV increments (near 32V) and span a range wide enough to account for resistance, potentiometer and DCDCconverter tolerances (27.6V to 36.7V).
This unique guide to designing digital VLSI circuits takes a top-down approach, reflecting the natureof the design process in industry. Starting with architecture design, the book explains the why andhow of digital design, using the physics that designers need to know, and no more.Covering system and component aspects, design verification, VHDL modelling, clocking, signalintegrity, layout, electricaloverstress, field-programmable logic, economic issues, and more, thescope of the book is singularly comprehensive.
The STM32F10xxx microcontroller family embeds up to three advanced 12-bit ADCs (depending on the device) with a conversion time down to 1 μs. A self-calibration feature is provided to enhance ADC accuracy versus environmental condition changes.
One of the most critical components in a step-up design like Figure 1 is the transformer. Transformers have parasitic components that can cause them to deviate from their ideal characteristics, and the parasitic capacitance associated with the secondary can cause large resonating current spikes on the leading edge of the switch current waveform.
Differential Nonlinearity: Ideally, any two adjacent digitalcodes correspond to output analog voltages that are exactlyone LSB apart. Differential non-linearity is a measure of theworst case deviation from the ideal 1 LSB step. For example,a DAC with a 1.5 LSB output change for a 1 LSB digital codechange exhibits 1⁄2 LSB differential non-linearity. Differentialnon-linearity may be expressed in fractional bits or as a percentageof full scale. A differential non-linearity greater than1 LSB will lead to a non-monotonic transfer function in aDAC.Gain Error (Full Scale Error): The difference between theoutput voltage (or current) with full scale input code and theideal voltage (or current) that should exist with a full scale inputcode.Gain Temperature Coefficient (Full Scale TemperatureCoefficient): Change in gain error divided by change in temperature.Usually expressed in parts per million per degreeCelsius (ppm/°C).Integral Nonlinearity (Linearity Error): Worst case deviationfrom the line between the endpoints (zero and full scale).Can be expressed as a percentage of full scale or in fractionof an LSB.LSB (Lease-Significant Bit): In a binary coded system thisis the bit that carries the smallest value or weight. Its value isthe full scale voltage (or current) divided by 2n, where n is theresolution of the converter.Monotonicity: A monotonic function has a slope whose signdoes not change. A monotonic DAC has an output thatchanges in the same direction (or remains constant) for eachincrease in the input code. the converse is true for decreasing codes.
